Continuous phenotypic modulation explains male horn allometry in three dung beetle species

Nijhout, HF Mechanisms controlling polyphenic development in insects: In polyphenic development, environmental factors modify certain aspects of development in an orderly and predictable manner. Biosciences 49181–192 (1999).
Google Scholar
Moczek, A. Polyphenism of the horn in the beetle Onthophagous bull: Larval diet quality and parental investment plasticity determine adult body size and male horn morphology. School behavior 9636–641 (1998).
Google Scholar
Roff, DA The evolution of threshold traits in animals. Q.Rev. Biol. 713–35 (1996).
Google Scholar
Nijhout, HF & Wheeler, DE Growth patterns of complex allometries in holometabolous insects. A m. Nat. 14840–56 (1996).
Google Scholar
Moczek, AP & Nijhout, HF Rapid evolution of a polyphenic threshold. Evol. Dev. 5259–268 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lugagne, J.-B. et al. Balancing a genetic toggle switch through real-time feedback control and periodic forcing. Nat. Commmon. 81671 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hanna, L. & Abouheif, E. The origin of wing polyphenism in ants: an eco-evo-devo perspective. In Current Topics in Developmental Biology, flight. 141, 279-336 (Elsevier, 2021).
Tomkins, J., Kotiaho, J. & Lebas, N. Scale issues: positive allometry and the evolution of male dimorphisms. A m. Nat. 165389–402 (2005).
Google Scholar
Emlen, D. Environmental control of horn length dimorphism in the beetle Acuminate onthophagus (Beetles, Scarabs). proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Science. 256131–136 (1994).
Google Scholar
Moczek and Emlen. Approximate determination of male horn dimorphism in the beetle Onthophagous bull (Beetles: Scarabaeidae). I’m flying. Biol. 1227–37 (1999).
Google Scholar
Buzatto, BA, Tomkins, JL & Simmons, LW Maternal effects on male armament: Female dung beetles produce adult sons with longer horns when perceiving higher population density. BMC Evol. Biol. 121–12 (2012).
Google Scholar
Macagno, AL, Zattara, EE, Ezeakudo, O., Moczek, AP & Ledón-Rettig, CC Adaptive maternal behavioral plasticity and developmental programming mediate transgenerational effects of temperature in dung beetles. Oikos 1271319-1329 (2018).
Google Scholar
Emlen, D., Hunt, J. & Simmons, L. Evolution of sexual dimorphism and male dimorphism in beetle horn expression: phylogenetic evidence for modularity, evolutionary lability, and constraint. A m. Nat. 166(Suppl 4), S42-68 (2005).
Google Scholar
Eberhard, WG Beetle horn dimorphism: making the best of a bad batch. A m. Nat. 119420–426 (1982).
Google Scholar
Emlen, DJ & Nijhout, HF The development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 45661–708 (2000).
Google Scholar
Simmons, LW & Emlen, DJ Evolutionary trade-off between arms and testicles. PNAS 10316346–16351 (2006).
Google Scholar
Pizzo, A., Macagno, A., Dusini, S. & Palestrini, C. Compromise between horns and other functional traits in two Onthophagous species (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera). Z. Morphol. Third 13157–68 (2012).
Google Scholar
Emlen, DJ Costs and the diversification of exaggerated animal structures. Science 2911534-1536 (2001).
Google Scholar
Tomkins, J., Kotiaho, J. & Lebas, N. Phenotypic plasticity in the developmental integration of morphological tradeoffs and compensation for secondary sex traits. proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Science. 272543–551 (2005).
Google Scholar
Moczek, AP & Emlen, DJ Male horn dimorphism in the beetle, Onthophagous bull: Do alternative breeding tactics promote alternative phenotypes?. Anim. Behavior 59459–466 (2000).
Google Scholar
Nijhut, HF insect hormones (Princeton University Press, 1994).
Google Scholar
Knell, RJ On the analysis of nonlinear allometries. School. Entomol. 341–11 (2009).
Google Scholar
Chevin, L.-M. & Lande, R. Evolution of discrete phenotypes from continuous reaction norms. A m. Nat. 18213–27 (2013).
Google Scholar
Packard, GC Is allometric variation in the cephalic horn of male rhinoceros beetles discontinuously dimorphic?. Evol. Biol. 48233-245 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tomkins, JL & Moczek, AP Models of threshold evolution in polyphenic insects under different developmental patterns. Evolution 63459–468 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lewis, J., Slack, JMW, and Wolpert, L. Developmental thresholds. J. Theor. Biol. 65579–590 (1977).
Google Scholar
Casasa, S., Schwab, DB & Moczek, AP Regulation of development and the evolution of scaling: new insights through the study of Onthophagous beetles. Fluent. Notice. Insect Sci. 1952–60 (2017).
Google Scholar
Emlen, DJ Alternative reproductive tactics and male dimorphism in the horned beetle Acuminate onthophagus (Beetles: Scarabaeidae). School behavior Sociobiol. 41335–341 (1997).
Google Scholar
McCullough, EL & Simmons, LW Selection on male physical performance during male-male and female-choice competition. School behavior 271288-1295 (2016).
Google Scholar
Giller, PS & Doube, BM Experimental analysis of inter and intraspecific competition in dung beetle communities. J.Anim. School. 58129-142 (1989).
Google Scholar
Doube, BM, Giller, PS & Moola, F. Burial strategies in some South African coprine and onitine dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). School. Entomol. 13251–261 (1988).
Google Scholar
Emlen, DJ The evolution of animal weapons. Ann. Rev. School. Evol. System 39387–413 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kerman, K., Roggero, A., Rolando, A. & Palestrini, C. Evidence for male horn dimorphism and associated pronotal shape variation in Lunar body (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Coprini). Insects 9108 (2018).
Google Scholar
King, G., Tomz, M. & Wittenberg, J. Making the Most of Statistical Analysis: Improving Interpretation and Presentation. A m. J. Polit. Science. 4415 (2000).
Google Scholar
Core team R. A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing (2021).